Moral (adj): a: of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior : ETHICAL b : expressing or teaching a conception of right behavior, as, a moral poem c : conforming to a standard of right behavior
ety from Latin mos, moralis “custom”Ethical (adj): a: of or relating to ethics b: involving or expressing moral approval or disapproval
ety from Greek ethikos “tradition”
It seems I’ve never had a very clear grasp on the concept of “morality.”
For many years, I’ve had a working, internal definition of “morality” that says something is “moral” if it recognizes the inherent worth in human beings and seeks, as far as is possible, to further the basic values of dignity and compassion for all people. Because of this, I’ve often been more than a little puzzled by public discourse on morality.
Morality, as it’s understood by a great many people, confuses the hell out of me. It seems obvious and straightforward that issues such as gay marriage and equal opportunity are moral issues; what’s always tended to puzzle me is the fact that those who speak the loudest about “morality” condemn these things. Homosexuality, we’re told, is immoral. Gay marriage is immoral. Non-traditional relationships are immoral. Yet affording all people everywhere equal opportunity in a society seems to be a very basic means of expressing the values of worth and dignity for all human beings; how, then, can any reasonable person call these things “immoral?”
Shelly was the one who pointed out that my definition was flawed, and when she did, a great deal of public discourse about ethics and morality suddenly snapped into focus.
Ambrose Bierce, a man famous for his cynicism, defined “moral” as “having the quality of general expediency,” and there’s more than a little truth to that.
The origins of the English words for “moral” and “ethical” are telling. Both words derive from words expressing, not concepts of human worth and dignity, but concepts of tradition and custom. In its most basic form, the public discourse on “morality” focuses not on what is right by the standards of human dignity, but on what is traditional. And this understanding changes everything.
It has long been an axiom of any society that that society is falling into decay and moral ruin. Socrates was reported to complain “Today’s youth love luxury; they have bad manners, contempt for authority, disrespect for elders and they chatter in place of exercise.” And of course this must always be so, because traditions change over time. If one understands “moral” to mean “traditional,” then of course all societies always decay morally and always will, for the process of life is a dynamic one, and old traditions are constantly giving way to new.
Traditions form because people find a way of doing things that generally seems to work fairly well for most people. Over time, these convenient ways to do things gradually become entrenched, until what started out as an expedient way to get things done becomes Right and Moral and Just, and any other way to do things becomes Wrong and Immoral.
In this context, it’s quite simple to understand the current public discourse on morality. To determine whether or not something is moral, one need only apply a simple one-part test: is it the way things have been done in the past?
Gay marriage? Untraditional; therefore, immoral. Open tolerance of diversity? Untraditional; ergo, immoral. Non-traditional relationships? Immoral by definition.
Even things which seem at first blush to be blatant moral hypocricies are perfectly moral, with the proer understanding of “moral.” It is and has for centuries been traditional for men of wealth and power to cheat on their spouses; by this light, the actions of peope like Bob Barr, the Georgia representative who launched the crusade against Bill Clinton for his extramarital affair, and campaigned aainst legal abortion, but who paid for his ex-wife to have an abortion and then cheated on her with his current partner, has a long history in the tradition of American politics and is therefore completely moral.
Replace the word “moral” with the word “customary” or “traditional” and the official stances, and behavior, of many conservative religious groups begins to make more sense. For example, one of the peopl who worked on the Bush campaign was a First Assemblies of God pastor named Mike Hintz, who spoke on behalf of Bush, praising Bush’s values. Pastor Hintz was recently in the news again, this time after being arrested and charged with the sexual exploitation of a child.
Child abuse and child molestation have a long tradition in Western society, which was elevated almost to an art form during the Victorian era. Hintz wasn’t immoral; he was merely acting in accordance with an older tradition, and that by definition made his actions perfectly ethical.
Churches are in a peculiar position when it comes to teaching morality, because churches, like any other organization, rely on their members to exist. A church with no members no longer exists. A church must, therefore, always follow the moral values of its flock, and never lead them; should a church tell its flock that behaviors they support are immoral, its members will leave and go to a church willing to say that they are all good, just, morally decent people. So churches, the very institutions beople believe are charged with moral leadership, are, by the nature of their position, always going to be the last organizations to respond to moral change.
(This sometimes creates some delicious ironies. The Sothern Baptist Convention, one of the largest and most influential of conservative American protestant churches, was originally formed by pro-slavery members of the Baptist church who refused to accept the anti-slavery stance of the mainstream Baptist doctrine of the time. Today, the Southern Baptist congregation is largely black; one has to assume that a significant portion of its membership is quite unaware of the sect’s history.)
So. My confusion all this time has come from my own badly skewed understanding of what it means to be “moral.” With a better grasp of the meaning of morality, the public discourse is more comprehensible to me, and I can see that my initial confusion arose from my own error.
I still prefer my definition of “moral,” however.
In my mind, ethics often refers to professional obligations, such as legal ethics, and rules of conduct; morality refers to matters of private behaviour. I realize people often wear one hat at work and the other at home but I am often reminded that we wear them on the same head, so I somewhat understand the query. They are continuous to me, not compartmentalized. Many people feel this way if the interchangeable widespread useage is any clue. Perhaps your morality is what you consider right or wrong and your ethics are the standards of behaviour in which you operate within the framework of those beliefs as you navigate society.
Beautiful. It’s rare that I see someone pointing out a distinction between ethicality and morality with which I agree. That, of course, is largely because most people don’t meaningfully distinguish between them, or (occasionally) do a really botched-up job of trying to find a distinction by reading comparisons and contrasts into disparate statements that aren’t meant to relate to each other.
Hmm. I’m getting overly verbose again.
NOTE: Ahem. Hello,. I think I’m new here. I’ve been referred to you by a fellow Floridian.
Well met. Had I a hat, I’d tip it to you. No hat, so nice to meet you.
Thankee kindly.
While common usage creates this distinction, I think it’s interesting how similar the etymological roots are – whether in business or personal, both words really seem to refer more to tradition and efficacy rather than an independent examination of *what is right*. Neither of them actually refers tos definition above. I just took a philosophy class and he used the word “axiology” (logos = knowledge / axios = values), for the simple reason that both the words ethics and morals have come to mean something very different than the study of knowledge and values.
In the English language, despite largely undifferentiated roots, the two terms (moral and ethical) have come to be associated with different applications (obviously). They still draw from their roots, however.
“Moral” is now properly associated with matters of Good and Evil, or other metaphysical judgments of virtue and sin. “Ethical”, on the other hand, is associated more with matters of social convention. While morality is indicative of a sort of old order of good and evil, however, expecting some kind of theological weight behind it in most applications, ethicality is more concerned with a commonly accepted set of conventions, rather than with a matter of precedent. The end result is that morality is more a matter of those traditions of right action that are defined by one’s ontological belief structure, and ethicality more a matter of the discerning of the “correct” set of principles of right action (“tradition” in a more contemporary, forward-looking sense) that are concerned with effective management of social interactions.
The moral tends to have the characteristic of mandating action in accordance with a belief system. One might morally feel obligated to help someone, or to shun someone, or otherwise act in a virtuous manner. The ethical, meanwhile, tends to have the characteristic of prohibiting action in accordance with the needs of interaction. One might ethically feel prohibited from harming someone, or aiding unethical actions, or otherwise acting in a manner that violates a given set of restrictions upon one’s actions.
I’ll let my ponderations drift away, at this point. I’ve been muchly concerned with effectively differentiating between “moral” and “ethical” for some time, and typically find it very difficult to resist getting involved in such a discussion when the opportunity arises.
In my mind, ethics often refers to professional obligations, such as legal ethics, and rules of conduct; morality refers to matters of private behaviour. I realize people often wear one hat at work and the other at home but I am often reminded that we wear them on the same head, so I somewhat understand the query. They are continuous to me, not compartmentalized. Many people feel this way if the interchangeable widespread useage is any clue. Perhaps your morality is what you consider right or wrong and your ethics are the standards of behaviour in which you operate within the framework of those beliefs as you navigate society.
I prefer your definition to what most people use.
I prefer your definition to what most people use.
After thinking about this some more, I am reminded of last year when I went to my Grandma’s church for Christmas. (well, Ray and I went). The pastor was preaching about how people today seem to pull what they need from one religion or another, instead of following the Bible. I had to hold my tongue because that is exactly what I do. I pull what I feel I need/like from one religion and apply it to myself. I don’t follow any organized religion but I am spiritual in my own way.
The church was blaming the degradation of morals on kids picking and choosing a la carte from different religions. But conversely, by doing that, it makes people more tolerant of those who are different (GLBs, trans genders, different ‘races’, etc).
Christianity may teach tolerance but I rarely see Christians practicing it.
As for child molesting, it is one of the few universal taboos in most cultures, kind of like incest. Some anthropologists speculate that it comes from our earliest ancestors, where the only taboo really was father/daughter (oh, and pre-pubescent/adult.). It was really interesting studying the bonobos because they pretty much use sex as a way to ease social tensions, and the only real ‘taboos’ for them are the daugther/father pairings, and the pre-pubescent/adults (and even then this happens sometimes, but there is no penetration). Anthropologists (some of them at least) have speculated that we have more ancestors in common with bonobos than other primates because of some of their modern social interactions. It’s just really impossible to say ‘that’s what we were like a millenia ago’ because they have been evolving right along with humans. So that is their modern society, as this is ours. If that makes sense?
After thinking about this some more, I am reminded of last year when I went to my Grandma’s church for Christmas. (well, Ray and I went). The pastor was preaching about how people today seem to pull what they need from one religion or another, instead of following the Bible. I had to hold my tongue because that is exactly what I do. I pull what I feel I need/like from one religion and apply it to myself. I don’t follow any organized religion but I am spiritual in my own way.
The church was blaming the degradation of morals on kids picking and choosing a la carte from different religions. But conversely, by doing that, it makes people more tolerant of those who are different (GLBs, trans genders, different ‘races’, etc).
Christianity may teach tolerance but I rarely see Christians practicing it.
As for child molesting, it is one of the few universal taboos in most cultures, kind of like incest. Some anthropologists speculate that it comes from our earliest ancestors, where the only taboo really was father/daughter (oh, and pre-pubescent/adult.). It was really interesting studying the bonobos because they pretty much use sex as a way to ease social tensions, and the only real ‘taboos’ for them are the daugther/father pairings, and the pre-pubescent/adults (and even then this happens sometimes, but there is no penetration). Anthropologists (some of them at least) have speculated that we have more ancestors in common with bonobos than other primates because of some of their modern social interactions. It’s just really impossible to say ‘that’s what we were like a millenia ago’ because they have been evolving right along with humans. So that is their modern society, as this is ours. If that makes sense?
Beautiful. It’s rare that I see someone pointing out a distinction between ethicality and morality with which I agree. That, of course, is largely because most people don’t meaningfully distinguish between them, or (occasionally) do a really botched-up job of trying to find a distinction by reading comparisons and contrasts into disparate statements that aren’t meant to relate to each other.
Hmm. I’m getting overly verbose again.
NOTE: Ahem. Hello,. I think I’m new here. I’ve been referred to you by a fellow Floridian.
Well met. Had I a hat, I’d tip it to you. No hat, so nice to meet you.
It has long been an axiom of any society that that society is falling into decay and moral ruin.
Your entire post is thought-provoking, but that one line is like a little Christmas present. I felt a light go on when I read it.
It has long been an axiom of any society that that society is falling into decay and moral ruin.
Your entire post is thought-provoking, but that one line is like a little Christmas present. I felt a light go on when I read it.
While common usage creates this distinction, I think it’s interesting how similar the etymological roots are – whether in business or personal, both words really seem to refer more to tradition and efficacy rather than an independent examination of *what is right*. Neither of them actually refers tos definition above. I just took a philosophy class and he used the word “axiology” (logos = knowledge / axios = values), for the simple reason that both the words ethics and morals have come to mean something very different than the study of knowledge and values.
Thankee kindly.
In the English language, despite largely undifferentiated roots, the two terms (moral and ethical) have come to be associated with different applications (obviously). They still draw from their roots, however.
“Moral” is now properly associated with matters of Good and Evil, or other metaphysical judgments of virtue and sin. “Ethical”, on the other hand, is associated more with matters of social convention. While morality is indicative of a sort of old order of good and evil, however, expecting some kind of theological weight behind it in most applications, ethicality is more concerned with a commonly accepted set of conventions, rather than with a matter of precedent. The end result is that morality is more a matter of those traditions of right action that are defined by one’s ontological belief structure, and ethicality more a matter of the discerning of the “correct” set of principles of right action (“tradition” in a more contemporary, forward-looking sense) that are concerned with effective management of social interactions.
The moral tends to have the characteristic of mandating action in accordance with a belief system. One might morally feel obligated to help someone, or to shun someone, or otherwise act in a virtuous manner. The ethical, meanwhile, tends to have the characteristic of prohibiting action in accordance with the needs of interaction. One might ethically feel prohibited from harming someone, or aiding unethical actions, or otherwise acting in a manner that violates a given set of restrictions upon one’s actions.
I’ll let my ponderations drift away, at this point. I’ve been muchly concerned with effectively differentiating between “moral” and “ethical” for some time, and typically find it very difficult to resist getting involved in such a discussion when the opportunity arises.